1
Core function
Mark the next step in a sequence or a result that then produces another result.
Example
Higher temperatures dry the soil, which in turn reduces seedling survival.
in turn
/ɪn tɜːn/ · in TURNsequence-and-result transition
Mark the next step in a sequence or a result that then produces another result.
Use in turn to express this relationship precisely: mark the next step in a sequence or a result that then produces another result.
What in turn Really Means
The word becomes easier to use when its closely related senses are separated and compared.
2
Scope in a sentence
Use this expression in its normal grammatical frame so the relationship between the surrounding ideas remains explicit.
Example
Each reviewer commented in turn.
3
Analytical effect
It tells the reader how to interpret the timing, scope, evidence, contrast, condition, or consequence in the statement.
Example
The port supported merchants who, in turn, financed new warehouses.
Use in turn Naturally
Notice how the surrounding noun or clause reveals the exact shade of meaning.
Higher temperatures dry the soil, which in turn reduces seedling survival.
Each reviewer commented in turn.
The port supported merchants who, in turn, financed new warehouses.
Precision Matters
In turn overlaps with several common words, but each carries a different emphasis.
in turn
vs.Means mark the next step in a sequence or a result that then produces another result.
consequently
Means as a result; introduces a consequence of what precedes.
in turn
vs.Means mark the next step in a sequence or a result that then produces another result.
meanwhile
Means indicate that something happens at the same time as another event or during the interval before it is completed.
in turn
vs.Means mark the next step in a sequence or a result that then produces another result.
from then on
Means starting at a stated time and continuing after it.
in turn
vs.Means mark the next step in a sequence or a result that then produces another result.
lead to
Means cause, produce, or result in an outcome or later development.
Test in turn in Context
The absorption is the next step in the causal chain.
1
Reduced snow cover darkens the ground, which ___ absorbs more solar energy.